During the process of assigning the network addresses for each of the device
in a network system,
The use of ip addresses becomes too massive and leads to the wastage of network addresses,
In today's topic we will learn about a network concept,
that plays an important role in overcoming such a situation
What is submitting, then continue with what are class addresses and,
Subnet mask characteristics of submitting then see some of
the benefits of using submitting process and,
The drawbacks of using submitting.
What is subnetting
The process of subnetting is to divide the network into smaller network paths
this allows the system to have better connectivity in the system
it also
Increases the security measures for the network against hacking attempts and
also maintains an efficient flow of network traffic
the smaller divided units of the network known as sub networks
taking an example of an ip address
with slash 24 representing the subnet mask
can divided into two sub networks of slash 25 subnet mask
which can further divided into smaller sub networks
now that we understand what is
subnetting
let's move on to class addresses and subnet mask
Let's begin with class addresses to better understand the submitting process
we need some information about different classes used in ip address
where the first class is class a with the range of 0 to 127 network bits as slash 8
then we have class p with the range of 128 to 191 with network bits as 16 and
We have class c with network range of 192 to 223 with network bits as 24.
the network bits representing each class are very important
when making subnets of a particular ip address
let's see how they do so
for this we'll be representing each class in binary format for class a we have 1 for 8 bits
for class b 16 bits and class c 24 bits
moving on we will see what exactly is the subnet mask
to better define the sub networks in the system
we need the use of a subnet mask
that is the subnet mask is a way to differentiate between the part of an ip address
that represents the network address id and the host network id
In this let's see the default subnet mask for each of the class
for class a we have 255.0.0.0
for class b we have 255.255.0.0 whereas
for class c we have 255.25
to better understand this let's take a look at the classes
the network id part is the one that represents the binary digit 1 whereas host id represents binary digit 0.
that means for class a we have 8-bit cells network id and
the remaining bits as host id
by looking at the host id we can see that the network addresses that
are available for the host is the largest in the class a
whereas for class b we have 16 bits for network id and the remaining
for host id where we can see the remaining part for the host id is lesser than class a that means
class b can assign network ids for a medium level company
and for class c we have 24 bits as network id and the remaining for host
id from this we can see that the host id used for class c is the lowest
that means only smaller division companies can use class c
moving on let's take a look at the characteristics of the subnetting process
first is the network id which represent
the first ip address in each subnet block
then we have broadcast id which indicates the last ip address of the sub network block
moving on we have first host id which is the immediate
first ip address after the network id then we have last host id as the name suggests it
defines the ip address before the broadcast id
continuing we have next network id
this defines the network id of the next subnet block
then we have the total number of ip addresses
in the sub network block and we have subnet mask or
which represents the network id and the host id part in an ip address
to better understand all the attributes of the subnetting
let's take a look at an example in this example we are assuming an ip address 192.168.0
point x with a subnet mask of 24.
for this ip address we have divided it into four parts that represent slash 25 slash 27 slash 27 and last part as slash
26
now let's find out the details
that means the attributes for the sub network slash 25.
the first attribute is the number of ip addresses
going by the table we have 0 to 256 addresses in a single block
but in this slash 25 represent only 0 to 128
that means the total number of addresses in slash 25 subnet block is 128.
moving on we'll find out subnet mask or citer
that is the default subnet mask of class c
which i have taken reference from the subnet table
which explained in the earlier slide
which is 255.255.
then we have the network id
which represents the topmost network address in the sub network block in our case it is 192.168.0.0
then we have broadcast id which is the last ip address in any sub network block
in our case it is 192.168.0.1
moving on the network id and the broadcast id addresses
cannot assigned to any network device in the network
because the network id used to identify the sub network block in a network
along with broadcast id which used to communicate with any of the host
that connected to the sub network block that also means that the total number of usable
network id addresses in a network block is total number of ip addresses minus 2
that represents network id and broadcast id
that would be 128 minus 2 and we get the value 126
which represents the total number of ip addresses that are usable
moving on
the next attribute is first host id
that means the first id after the network id which is 192.168.0.1 then we have the last host id which is 192.168
which is before the broadcast id and the next network id which is 192.168.0 point
now that we are clear about all the characteristics of our sub network
how
about a practice round for everyone to find all
the characteristics for the sub network block slash 27 subnet mask
let's move on to the benefits of using subnetting
where the first benefit enhanced network efficiency
through the use of applications of subnetting
we can share data to not only a specific part of the network model
rather than broadcasting to the whole network causing unnecessary traffic in the channel
As shown in the example over here we see four different host and
if we want to share a specific data put only two of the host we can subnet them into specific parts
through this the router will only send data to the specific part of a sub network
rather than broadcasting to the whole network channel this will prevent network traffic
moving on the other benefit of using subnetting process is
network security
separating also provides protection to an extent against
any hacking attempts made on the network model
due to the complexity of the sub networks as presented in the example
during the hacking attempt if we can
identify how the virus attacks the network model
we can prevent it from attacking all the sub networks by compromising a single or two of them and
preventing the remaining sub networks let's move
on to the drawbacks of using subnetting process
the very first drawback of using
the subnetting process is it makes the network model much more complex
which in turns affects the maintenance and efficiency
then we have the unused ip addresses which left over from applying
the network model in a sub network process
and we have the low efficiency use of hardware devices
if the hardware devices such as router or switch used are of low efficiency